A Review on Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Medical and Agricultural Applications

Abstract

Nanoparticles (NPs) are materials made up of a collection of atoms that have one or more sizes that fall
within the range of 1-100 nm on the nanometer scale. Metallic bionanoparticles are currently a very important and
dynamic area of research, with significant implications for practical research. Due to its eco-friendly, non-toxic, low
energy requirement, and multifunctionality, biological synthesis of NPs is preferable to physical and chemical
synthesis. Because they contain significant secondary metabolites that speed up the reduction and stability of the
NPs, plants and microbes are effective reducing agents. The created NPs can subsequently be characterization of
physical and chemical properties under an electronic microscope (TEM, SEM, AFM) and using spectroscopy (UVVisible, XRD, IR, etc). A metallic ion or its oxide can be biologically reduced to a nanoparticle quickly, easily, and
up to constant temperature and pressure. One of the main causes of illness and mortality in humans is the rise in
multi-drug resistance microorganisms brought on by the overuse of antibiotics in individuals who are not diseased.
It is crucial that novel antibiotics with various modes of action are developed today to combat bacteria. At low
concentrations, metals and its oxides are extremely hazardous to microorganisms. Additionally, widespread
illnesses in human and plants are causing grave concern throughout the planet. Due to their wide range of
bioactivity, NPs make excellent antibacterial mediators in both the agricultural and medicinal industries. The
current research summarizes the creation of NPs via microbial and botanical sources, which allows metals to remain
in a stable form and after ionization. Additionally, it displayed an important database on the use of synthetic
nanopesticides in many agricultural and medicinal fields.